by Murray Bookchin -- September 18, 1994
Seldom have socially important words become more confused and
divested of their historic meaning than they are at present. Two
centuries ago, it is often forgotten, "democracy" was deprecated by
monarchists and republicans alike as "mob rule." Today, democracy is
hailed as "representative democracy," an oxymoron that refers to little
more than a republican oligarchy of the chosen few who ostensibly speak
for the powerless many.
"Communism," for its part, once referred to a cooperative society
that would be based morally on mutual respect and on an economy in
which each contributed to the social labor fund according to his or her
ability and received the means of life according to his or her needs.
Today, "communism" is associated with the Stalinist gulag and wholly
rejected as totalitarian. Its cousin, "socialism" -- which once denoted a
politically free society based on various forms of collectivism and
equitable material returns for labor -- is currently interchangeable
with a somewhat humanistic bourgeois liberalism.
During the 1980s and 1990s, as the entire social and political
spectrum has shifted ideologically to the right, "anarchism" itself has
not been immune to redefinition. In the Anglo-American sphere, anarchism
is being divested of its social ideal by an emphasis on personal autonomy,
an emphasis that is draining it of its historic vitality. A Stirnerite
individualism -- marked by an advocacy of lifestyle changes, the
cultivation of behavioral idiosyncrasies and even an embrace of outright
mysticism -- has become increasingly prominent. This personalistic
"lifestyle anarchism" is steadily eroding the socialistic core of
anarchist concepts of freedom.